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PERSONAL DETAILS

 

First name Jordi

Family name Benach Andreu

Date of birth April 24, 1970

Place of birth L'Arboç del Penedès (Baix Penedès), Spain

Country of citizenship Spain

Marital status Married

Address

CELLS (ALBA Synchrotron)

Carretera BP1413, Km 3,3

08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona)

Spain

Phone +34-93-592-4333

Fax +34-93-592-4302

 

ACADEMIC RECORD

 

2007-present Beamline scientist. Macromolecular Crystallography.

MX Beamline BL13-XALOC

CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility

Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.

2005-2007 Associate research scientist.

Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium/PSI-2. Department of Biological Sciences.

Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

2000-2005 Post-doctoral research fellow.

Laboratory of Prof. John F. Hunt. Department of Biological Sciences.

Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

1999-2000 Research scientist.

Laboratory of Prof. Rudolf Ladenstein. Center for Structural Biochemistry.

Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

1995-1999 Ph.D. in Structural Biochemistry and Biophysics. Protein Crystallography.

Laboratory of Prof. Rudolf Ladenstein. Center for Structural Biochemistry.

Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

1993-1995 Teaching assistant.

Laboratory of Prof. Rudolf Ladenstein. Center for Structural Biochemistry.

Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

1993 Graduate rotation student (June-October).

Laboratory of Prof. Carles Muller. Department of Physical Chemistry.

University of Barcelona. Barcelona. Spain.

1988-1993 B. Sc. degree in Chemistry. Specialty in Physical Chemistry.

University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

 

AWARDED FELLOWSHIPS

 

2003-2004 Post-doctoral Fellowship/MECD. Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports. Project: Studies on the reaction mechanism of the translocase SecA.

Department of Biological Sciences. Columbia University. New York, NY. USA.

2001-2002 Post-doctoral EMBO Long Term Fellowship. ALTF-229-2001. Project: Studies on the structural basis of polypeptide substrate recognition by SecA.

Department of Biological Sciences. Columbia University. New York, NY. USA.

1995-1999 Doctoral studentship (Doktorandtjänst). Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

1988 High School's Mention of Honor/Fellowship. El Vendrell (Baix Penedès), Spain

 

GRANTS & FUNDING

 

2008                                  February. “Manufacturing of micron-sized pinholes for x-ray beam collimation”. Program: GICSERV. Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica. Ministry of Science and Education, Spain.

 

2008                                     November. “Procurement of equipment for users’ laboratories of the synchrotron Alba.” Program: National program of technical and scientific infrastructures. Ministry of Science and Innovation. Programa: Programa nacional de infraestructuras científico-tecnológicas. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Spain.

 

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

 

  1. Benach, J., Knapp S., Oppermann, U.C.T., Hägglund, O., Jörnvall, H., and Ladenstein, R. (1996) Crystallization and crystal packing analysis of recombinant 3 (or 17) b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Comamonas testosteroni ATTC 11996. Eur. J. Biochem., 236:144-148.

 

  1. Cols, N., Atrian, S., Benach, J., Ladenstein, R. and Gonzàlez-Duarte, R. (1997) Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase: evaluation of Ser139 site-directed mutants. FEBS Letters, 413: 191-193.

 

  1. Oppermann, U. C. T., Filling, C., Berndt, K. D., Persson, B., Benach, J., Ladenstein, R., and Jörnvall, H. (1997) Active site directed mutagenesis of 3b/17b-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase establishes differential effects on Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase reactions. Biochemistry, 36: 34-40.

 

  1. Benach, J., Atrian, S., Gonzàlez-Duarte, R., and Ladenstein, R. (1998) The refined crystal structure of Drosophila lebanonensis alcohol dehydrogenase at 1.9 Å resolution. J. Mol Biol., 282, 383-399.

 

  1. Benach, J., Atrian, S., Gonzàlez-Duarte, R., and Ladenstein, R. (1999) The catalytic reaction and inhibition mechanism of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase: observation of an enzyme-bound NAD-ketone adduct at 1.4 Å resolution by X-ray crystallography. J. Mol Biol., 289, 335-355. Cover figure.

 

  1. Benach, J. (1999) X-ray Structure Analysis of Short-Chain Dehydrogenases/Reductases. Doctoral Thesis. Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

 

  1. Benach, J., Atrian, S., Fibla, J., Gonzàlez-Duarte, R., and Ladenstein, R. (2000) Structure-function relationships in Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase allozymes ADH-S, ADH-F and ADH-UF, and distantly related forms. Eur. J. Biochem, 267: 3613-3622.

 

  1. Benach, J., Atrian, S., Ladenstein, R., and Gonzàlez-Duarte, R. (2001) Genesis of Drosophila ADH: the shaping of the enzymatic activity from a SDR ancestor. Chem Biol Interact. Jan 30;130-132(1-3):405-15. Review.

 

  1. Benach, J., Atrian S., Ladenstein R., and Gonzàlez-Duarte R. (2001) Genesis of Drosophila ADH: the shaping of the enzymatic activity from an SDR ancestor. In Enzymology and Molecular Biology of Carbonyl Metabolism 10 (Weiner, H. et al., ed.) Biochemistry Department, West Lafayette, IN, USA. Elsevier, Netherlands. Review.

 

  1. Filling, C., Nordling, E., Benach, J., Berndt, K. D., Ladenstein, R., Jörnvall, H., and Oppermann, U. (2001) Structural role for a conserved asparagine in short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases. Essential properties of N179 for maintenance of the SDR scaffold. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 289(3):712-7.

 

  1. Filling, C., Berndt. K. D., Benach, J., Knapp, S., Prozorovski, T., Nordling, E., Ladenstein, R., Jörnvall, H., and Oppermann, U. (2002) Critical residues for structure and catalysis in short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases. J. Biol. Chem. 277(28):25677-84.

 

  1. Keller, J. P., Smith, P. M., Benach, J., Christendat D., deTitta, G. T., and Hunt, J. F. (2002). The crystal structure of MT0146/CbiT shows that the putative precorrin-8W decarboxylase is a methyltransferase. Structure. 10(11):1475-87. Cover figure.

 

  1. Benach, J., Filling C., Oppermann U. C. T., Roversi P., Bricogne G., Berndt K. D., Jörnvall H., and Ladenstein R. (2002) Structure of bacterial 3b/17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase at 1.2 Å resolution:  a model for multiple steroid recognitions. Biochemistry, 41:14659-68

 

  1. Benach, J., Chou, Y.-T., Fak, J. J., Itkin, A., Nicolae, D. D., Smith, P. C., Wittrock, G. Floyd, D. L., Golsaz, C. M., Gierasch, L. M., and Hunt, J. F. (2003) Phospholipid-induced monomerization and signal-peptide-induced oligomerization of SecA. J. Biol. Chem. 278:3628-38.

 

  1. Koumanov, A., Benach, J., Atrian, S., Gonzàlez-Duarte, R., Karshikoff, A, and Ladenstein, R. (2003) The catalytic mechanism of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase: Evidence for a proton relay modulated by the coupled ionization of the active site Lysine/Tyrosine pair and a NAD+ ribose OH switch. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 51:289-298.

 

  1. Benach, J., Lee I., Edstrom, W., Kuzin, A. P., Chiang, Y., Acton, T. B., Montelione, G. T., and Hunt, J. F. (2003) The 2.3 Å crystal structure of the shikimate 5-dehydrogenase orthologue YdiB from E. coli suggests a novel catalytic environment for an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 278:19176-82.

 

  1. Benach, J. and Hunt, J. F. (2004) Cell biology: shape-shifting protein channel. Nature. 427(6969): 24-6. Review.

 

  1. Forouhar, F., Lee, I., Benach, J., Kulkarni, K., Xiao, R., Acton, T. B., Montelione, G.T., and Tong, L. (2004) A novel NAD binding protein revealed by the crystal structure of 2,3-diketogulonate reductase (YiaK). J. Biol. Chem. 279(13):13148-55.

 

  1. Katona, L. I., Tokarz, R., Kuhlow, C. J., Benach, J., and Benach, J. L. (2004) The Fur Homologue in Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Bacteriol. 186(19):6443-56.

 

  1. Goldsmith-Fischman, S., Kuzin, A., Edstrom, W. C., Benach, J., Shastry, R., Xiao, R., Thomas B. Acton, T. B., Honig, B. Montelione, G. T., and Hunt, J. F. (2004) The SufE persulfide shuttle contains a conserved core structure that mediates interdomain interactions in a variety of redox protein complexes. J. Mol. Biol. 344(2):549-65.

 

21.  Benach, J., Winberg, J.-O., Svendsen, J.-S., Atrian S., Gonzàlez-Duarte R., and Ladenstein R. (2005) The catalytic mechanism of Drosophila Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Acetate-enzyme interactions and insights into catalysis dominated by electrostatics. J. Mol. Biol. 345(3):579-98.

 

  1. Benach, J., Edstrom, W.C., Lee I., Das, K., Cooper, B., Xiao, R., Liu, J., Rost, B., Acton, T.B., Montelione, G. T., and Hunt, J. F. (2005) The 2.35 Å crystal structure of the TenA homologue from Pyrococcus furiosus supports an enzymatic function in thiamine biosynthesis. Acta Cryst. Sect. D. 61:589-598.

 

  1. Forouhar, F., Hussain, M., Farid, R., Benach, J., Abashidze, M., Edstrom, W.C., Vorobiev, S.M., Xiao, R., Acton, T.B., Fu, Z., Kim, J.J., Miziorko, H.M., Montelione, G.T., and Hunt, J.F. (2006) Crystal structures of two bacterial Hmg-Coa lyases suggest a common catalytic mechanism among a family of TIM-barrel metalloenzymes cleaving carbon-carbon bonds. J. Biol. Chem. 281(11):7533-45.

 

24.  Yu, B., Edstrom, C. W., Benach, J., Hamuro, Y., Weber, P. C., Gibney, B. R., and Hunt, J. F. (2006) Crystal structures of catalytic complexes of the oxidative DNA/RNA repair enzyme AlkB. Nature, 439(7078):879-84.

 

  1. Benach, J., Wang, L., Chen, Y., Ho, C. K., Lee, S., Seetharaman, J., Xiao, R., Acton, T. B., Montelione, G. T., Deng, H., Sun, R., and Tong, L. (2007) Structural and functional studies of the abundant tegument protein ORF52 from murine gammaherpesvirus-68. J. Biol. Chem. 282(43): 31534-41.

 

  1. Benach, J., Swaminathan, S.S., Tamayo, R., Handelman, S.K., Folta-Stogniew, E., Ramos, J.E., Forouhar, F., Neely, H., Seetharaman, J., Camilli, A., and Hunt, J.F. (2007) The structural basis of cyclic diguanylate signal transduction by PilZ domains. EMBO J. 26(24):5153-66.

 

  1. Eryilmaz, E., Benach, J., Su M., Seetharaman, J., Dutta, K., Wei, H., Gottlieb, P., Hunt, J.F., and Ghose, R. (2008) Structure and dynamics of the P7 protein from the bacteriophage phi 12. J. Mol. Biol. 382(2): 402-422.

 

  1. Ladenstein, R., Winberg, J.-O., and Benach, J. (2008) Structure-Function Relationships in Short-Chain Alcohol Dehydrogenases. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 65(24):3918-3935. Review.

 

  1. Parish, D., Benach, J., Liu, G., Singarapu, K.K., Xiao, R., Acton, T., Su, M., Bansal, S., Prestegard, J.H., Hunt, J., Montelione, G.T., Szyperski, T. (2008) Protein chaperones Q8ZP25_SALTY from Salmonella typhimurium and HYAE_ECOLI from Escherichia coli exhibit thioredoxin-like structures despite lack of canonical thioredoxin active site sequence motif. J Struct Funct Genomics. 9 (1-4):41-9.

 

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

 

  1. Benach, J. (2007) Chapter title: Dorothy Hodgkin . Book title: Doce mujeres en la biomedicina del siglo XX (in Spanish). Fundació Dr. Antonio Esteve. Barcelona, Spain.

 

 

 


 

LIST OF REFERENCES

 

On request


MEETINGS, WORKSHOPS AND COURSES ATTENDED

 

1994 August-September. Understanding Protein Motion, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.

1995 September-October. Course on Mathematics, Statistics and Numerical methods,

Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.

1995 August. Sixteenth European Crystallographic Meeting - ECM16, Lund, Sweden.

1995 August. Understanding Membrane Proteins, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.

1996 January. Workshop on Protein Crystallization, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden.

Talk: PEG in protein crystallization (literature presentation).

1996 March-April. Introduction to Protein Crystallography, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.

1996 September. Understanding Protein Structure Determination, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.

1996 April. Workshop on Multiple Anomalous Diffraction, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden.

1996 October. Symposium on alcohol dehydrogenases. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Talk/abstract: Update on the crystal structure determination/refinement  of Drosophila lebanonensis alcohol dehydrogenase.

1997 June. Structural Biology Network. First Annual Conference, Tällberg, Sweden.

       Poster/abstract: The crystal structure of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase at 1.9 Å resolution.

1997 August. Understanding Ion Transport, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.

1997 August. Seventeenth European Crystallographic Meeting - ECM17, Lisbon, Portugal.

             Poster/abstract: Crystal structure analysis of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase.

1998 May. Structural Biology Network. Second Annual Conference, Tällberg, Sweden. Poster/abstract: Reaction mechanism of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase.

1999 August. International Union of Crystallography Congress, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.

Poster/abstract: The reaction and inhibition mechanism of Drosophila ADH by X-ray crystallography. NAD-ketone adduct at 1.4 Å.

1999 October. Symposium on The Coming of Age of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Talk/abstract: The crystal structure of Drosophila lebanonensis alcohol dehydrogenase.

2000 February. Crystallography and NMR System (CNS) Workshop. BMC, Uppsala University. Uppsala, Sweden.

2000 July. Tenth Conference on Enzymology and Molecular Biology of Carbonyl Metabolism. Taos, New Mexico, USA.

Talk/abstract: High-resolution crystallographic studies of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase: Insights into reaction and inhibition mechanisms.

2000 August. The Third Summer session of the New York Structural Biology Discussion group. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, NY, USA.

2001 April, 27th. Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium. Protein Sample Production and Crystallization. CABM, Rutgers University, NJ, USA.

2001 June, 5th. Columbia Biophysics Retreat. Wave Hill, The Bronx, NY, USA.

Poster/abstract: Secretion mechanism of proteins through the bacterial membrane: interaction of SecA with the signal peptide. 

2001 June, 13-14th. Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium. Arden House, Harriman, NY, USA.

2002 April, 12-15th. Genomics and Genetics of Microbial Systems. Fontevraud L’Abbaye. Fontevraud, France. 

2002 October, 25-26th. The First International Symposium on Short-chain Dehydrogenases/Reductases

in Cancer and Other Diseases. Structural and Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Physiology. Buffalo, NY, USA.

Org: Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute & Roswell Park Cancer Institute.

Talk: New Insights into the Reaction mechanism of Short-chain Dehydrogenases/Reductases

2002 November, 15-17th. Department of Biological Sciences Retreat. Arden House, Harriman, NY, USA.

Org: Columbia University.

Talk: Phospholipid-induced monomerization and signal-peptide-induced oligomerization of SecA.

2003 May 9th. The 5th Annual Skirball Institute Symposium on Molecular Machines. New York University Medical Center. New York, NY, USA.

Org: New York University Medical Center.

2003 June 2-3. The structural basis of membrane protein function. State University of New York. Stony Brook, NY, USA.

Org: State University of New York. Stony Brook.

2004 June 10-14. EMBO fellows meeting. EMBL. Heidelberg, Germany.

Org: EMBO.

Abstract: Phospholipid-induced monomerization and signal-peptide-induced oligomerization of SecA.

2004 September, 10-12th. Department of Biological Sciences Retreat. Mohonk, NY, USA.

Org: Columbia University.

2004 October 8. Columbia University Biophysics Retreat. Wave Hill, The Bronx, NY, USA.

       Org: Columbia University, New York, NY. USA.

Abstract: Purification and thermodynamic characterization of N-terminally truncated SecA.

2005 May 6-9. Genomics and Genetics of Microbial Systems. Moab, UT, USA.

       Org: Jon Beckwith, Harvard University, Boston, MA. USA.

2005 June 6-8. Crystallization: focus on optimization techniques, soluble, and membrane proteins. NSLS, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.

       Org: National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.

2005 June 16. Frontiers of Biophysics in Life Sciences. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.

Org: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences through its Nobel Institute for Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden

2007 July 9-11. Third Spanish Synchrotron Radiation Users Meeting. Jaca (Huesca), Spain.

Org: University of Zaragoza.

Poster: XALOC: Macromolecular Crystallography Beamline

 

2007 October 22. First MX Spanish Users Meeting. UAB (Barcelona), Spain.

Org: XALOC/CELLS

2008 April 16-18. Synchrotrons and Lasers for Structural Systems Biology. 4th BIOXHIT annual meeting. DESY, Hamburg, Germany.

Org: BIOXHIT/DESY

       Poster:  XALOC: The dual configuration MX beamline at ALBA.

2008 May 16-19. Bacterial genetics, physiology, and biotechnology. Cassis, France.

Org: Prof. Jon Beckwith (Harvard University)

       Poster:  The structural basis of cyclic diguanylate signal transduction by PilZ domains.

2008 Dec 4. Bioregió meeting. Barcelona, Spain.

Org: Biocat

       Poster:  Línies de biociència a ALBA.

2009 Apr 21-22. Endinsant-nos en el món de l'àtom (Entering the atomic world). Barcelona, Spain.

Org: Parc Científic de Barcelona

       Posters: The Synchrotron Alba; Alba's first seven beamlines; How to study a protein from Vibrio cholerae.

2009 Sept. 15-18. 4th Spanish Synchrotron Radiation Users Meeting. Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.

Org: Synchrotron Light Source ALBA, CELLS.

Poster: Beamline BL13–XALOC: Macromolecular Crystallography

       

    

 

 

 

 

COMPUTER LITERACY

 

Operating environments: WINDOWS, LINUX, MAC

Programming languages: FORTRAN, C, Python

Protein crystallography:

Data processing: HKL, HKL-2000, XDS, MOSFLM

Phasing: CNS, CCP4, AMoRe, MLPHARE, SHELX, SOLVE, SnB, BnP

Phase improvement: DM, AVE (MAMA, RAVE), RESOLVE

Model building: O, COOT

Structure rendering: MOLSCRIPT, RIBBONS, DINO, POVRAY, PYMOL

 

 

TEACHING & SUPERVISION EXPERIENCE

 

1994 Introduction to protein structure determination (June 6-14). Graduate course. Department of Genetics. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

 

1996 Introduction to protein crystallography (March 11-April 15). Center for Structural Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.

 

1996 Protein 3D-structure determination by X-ray crystallography (August 26-30). Graduate course. Center for Structural Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.

 

1998 Introduction to protein crystallography (Spring Term). Center for Structural Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.

 

1999 Introduction to protein crystallography (November 8-12). Center for Structural Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.

 

2001 Structural Genomics of the SecA Translocation ATPase. Project Laboratory in Protein Biochemistry (Spring Term: February-April). Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

 

2001 Site Directed Mutagenesis of the SecA Translocation ATPase. Location of the Trp Involved in the Signal Sequence Binding to E. Coli SecA by Site Directed Mutagenesis (Spring Term: January-May). Rotation Graduate Student: Daita Ciobanu. Columbia University, New York, NY. USA.

 

2001 Mutagenesis of the SecA Translocation ATPase. Site Directed Mutagenesis of Residues Involved in the Signal Sequence Binding Site in E. Coli SecA (Spring Term: January-May). Undergraduate Student: Calvin Lee. Columbia University, New York, NY. USA.

 

2001 Mutagenesis of the SecA Translocation ATPase. Site Directed Mutagenesis of Residues Involved in the Signal Sequence Binding Site in E. Coli SecA (continuation) (Summer Term). Undergraduate SURF Student: Calvin Lee. Columbia University, New York, NY. USA.

 

2002 SecA Translocation ATPase Constructs. Purification of E. coli SecA constructs (Spring Term: January-May). Undergraduate Student: Calvin Lee. Independent research. Columbia University, New York, NY. USA.

 

2003 SecA Translocation ATPase MBP fusions. FeBABE derivatization of signal peptides. FeBABE induced peptide bond cleavage. (Term: July-October). Summer Intern: Meike Herget (Frankfurt University, Germany). Columbia University, New York, NY. USA.

 

2003 Crystal structure determination and biochemical/biophysical characterization of inactive mutants of the SecA translocation ATPase in B. subtilis and E. coli. (July-2003 - present). Graduate Student: Dorothy Kim. Columbia University, New York, NY. USA.

 

2004 Cloning, purification and biophysical characterization of an N-terminal deletion mutant of SecA from E. coli (Term: January-May). Undergraduate Student: Radu Radulescu. Columbia University, New York, NY. USA.

 

2004-2006 Cloning, purification and biophysical characterization of an N-terminal deletion mutant of SecA from E. coli (cont.) (Term: May - present). Graduate student: Daita Ciobanu. Columbia University, New York, NY. USA.

 

2000-2007 Crystallization, optimization, structure solution, refinement, and PDB deposition of NESG protein targets. Northeast Structural Genomics (NESG), Columbia University, New York, NY. USA.

 

2006-2007 Crystal structure determination of several PilZ domains from V. cholerae complexed with c-di-GMP. Undergraduate SURF student: Swarup Swaminathan. Columbia University, New York, NY. USA.

2009 Protein crystallography: protein genesis, protein structure and crystallization. Undergraduate class (2h). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.

 

 

 

 

OTHER POSITIONS

 

2005-2007 Translator & Tutor of Spanish, French, Swedish, and Catalan. CUTTA (Columbia University Tutoring and Translation Agency). Columbia University, New York, NY. USA

 

1998-2000 Teacher in Conversational Spanish. Adult Education School. ABF. Stockholm, Sweden.

 

1991 Summer intern (June-September). Water Analytical Chemist. City of Barcelona's water treatment plant at Sant Joan Despí (Barcelona). Dr. Narcís Salvatella. Aigües de Barcelona. Barcelona. Spain.

 

 

LANGUAGES

Fluent in English, Swedish, French, Spanish (native), and Catalan (native). Notions of German.

 


 
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